Phytochemical Profiling by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and Chemopreventive Effect of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves and Benzyl Isothiocyanate on Murine Mammary Carcinogenesis.

Moringa oleifera Lam, commonly known as moringa, is a plant widely used both as a human food and for medicinal purposes around the world. This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MoAE) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BIT) in rats with induced breast cancer. Cancer was induced with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) at a dose of 60 mg/kg by orogastric gavage once only. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to eight groups, each consisting of six individuals. The control group (healthy) was called Group I. Group II received DMBA plus saline. In addition to DMBA, Groups III, IV, and V received MoAE at 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively, while Groups VI, VII, and VIII received BIT at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively. Treatment was carried out for 13 weeks. Secondary metabolite analysis results identified predominantly quercetin, caffeoylquinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, vitexin, and kaempferol, as well as tropone, betaine, loliolide, and vitexin. The administration of MoAE at a dose of 500 mg/kg and BIT at 20 mg/kg exhibited a notable decrease in both the total tumor count and the cumulative tumor weight, along with a delay in their onset. Furthermore, they improved the histological grade. A significant decrease in serum levels of VEGF and IL-1ß levels was observed (p < 0.001) with a better effect demonstrated with MoAE at 500 mg/kg and BIT at 20 mg/kg. In conclusion, this study suggests that both the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and the benzyl isothiocyanate possess antitumor properties against mammary carcinogenesis, and this effect could be due, at least in part, to the flavonoids and isothiocyanates present in the extract.

Antiulcer Effect of Senna multiglandulosa via Increased Secretion of Mucus and Nonprotein Sulfhydryl Groups in an Experimental Murine Model.

Peptic ulcer is a universal condition that is a public health problem due to its prevalence, risk of complications and socioeconomic impact. This study aimed to determine the antiulcer effect of the hydroalcoholic extract from Senna multiglandulosa leaves against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Thirty-six male albino Holtzman rats were assigned to six groups. Group I received physiological saline (PS) at doses of 10 mL/kg; group II: ethanol (PS + ethanol 5 mL/kg); group III; omeprazole 100 mg/kg/day (gold standard); groups IV, V and VI received doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day of S. multiglandulosa extract, respectively. The stomach was removed to determine the ulcerative lesions and two sections of the glandular zone to carry out the analysis of the gastric mucus and sulfhydryl groups content. As result, S. multiglandulosa at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg produced a significant decrease of the injured area, with values of 46.28 ± 7.95 mm2 and 6.91 ± 2.48 mm2, respectively (P < 0.001). The protective effect was showed at dose of 500 mg/kg (92.27%) and a significant increase in the production of mucus with a value of 83.13 ± 13.09 mg/mL/g of tissue (61.14%). The production of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SG) also increased significantly at the three evaluated doses, being 250.34 ± 21.16 µg/g tissue at dose of 500 mg/kg (119.94%). It is concluded that S. multiglandulosa extract protected against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer due to increased gastric mucus secretion and its antioxidant activity due to the generation of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups.

Phytochemical Constituents and Ameliorative Effect of the Essential Oil from Annona muricata L. Leaves in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer.

Annona muricata leaves are traditionally used as an anticancer plant in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effect of the essential oil from Annona muricata leaves (EOAm) in an experimental model of breast cancer and to determine the volatile constituents with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty female rats were assigned to five groups: the control group; the DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene) group; and three groups received daily EOAm doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, plus DMBA, respectively. After 13 weeks of treatment, tumors were analyzed pathologically and biochemical markers in serum were noted. As a result, in GC-MS analysis, 40 compounds were identified and 4 of them were abundant: Z-caryophyllene (40.22%), followed by α-selinene (9.94%), ß-pinene (8.92%), and ß-elemene (7.48%). Furthermore, EOAm in a dose-dependent form produced a reduction in tumor frequency and the accumulated tumor volume was reduced by 50% and 71% with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Serum levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly compared to the DMBA group. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) decreased significantly from 70.75 ± 7.15 pg/mL in the DMBA group to 46.50 ± 9.00 and 34.13 ± 11.50 pg/mL in groups treated with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. This study concludes that the EOAm leaves showed an ameliorative effect in a murine model of breast cancer.

Biomolecules with Antioxidant Capacity from the Seeds and Sprouts of 20 Varieties of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Quinoa).

Quinoa has acquired a great interest due to its high content of nutrients and biomolecules that have nutritional and medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to compare the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), and the antioxidant capacity of 20 varieties of seeds and sprouts of quinoa extract. Quinoa seeds were germinated for 72 h and dried in an oven at 45 °C. The extracts were obtained by dynamic extraction using methanol. Phytochemical analysis with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), TPC, TF, and the antioxidant capacity was carried out and compared between both extracts. The TPC was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, TF with AlCl3, and the antioxidant capacity was determined according to the DPPH and ABTS assays. Sprout extracts showed high values of TPC (31.28 ± 0.42 mg GAE/g; Pasankalla variety), TF (14.31 ± 0.50 mg EQ/g; black Coito variety), and antioxidant capacity (IC50 (DPPH): 12.69 ± 0.29 µg/mL and IC50 (ABTS): 3.51 ± 0.04 µg/mL; Pasankalla). The extracts of the Pasankalla variety revealed 93 and 90 phytochemical constituents in the seeds and sprouts, respectively, such as amino acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids, and triterpene saponins, among others. Quinoa sprouts showed a high content of TPC and TF, and high antioxidant capacity compared with seed extracts, especially the Pasankalla variety.

Histopathological evaluation of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby in 7,12-dimethylbenz(α) anthracene-induced breast cancer in female rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Senecio rhizomatus Rusby (SrR) is a medicinal plant of the Asteraceae family and traditionally consumed as infusion in the Andean region from Peru for inflammatory disorders. This study aimed to determine the histopathological changes afforded by SrR in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer (BC) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ethanolic extract of SrR aerial parts was prepared by maceration with 96% ethanol, and the chemical components were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; the antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picril-hidrazil (DPPH) assay; and the acute toxicity was assessed according to the OCED 423 guidelines. In a pharmacological study, 30 female Holztman rats were distributed randomly into five groups, as follows. Group I: Negative control (physiological serum, 2 mL/kg); Group II. DMBA (80 mg/Kg body weight); and Groups III, IV, and V: DMBA + ethanol extract of SrR at doses of 10, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. RESULTS: The antioxidant activity of the SrR extract against DPPH was 92.50% at 200 mg/mL. The oral administration of SrR at doses of 50, 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg did not show any clinical evidence of toxicity or occurrence of death. The groups that received SrR presented a lower frequency of tumors and acumulative tumor volume compared with the DMBA group (p<0.05); the DMBA group exhibited a higher incidence of necrosis and moderate mitosis, up to 66.67% and 100.00%, respectively. Finally, infiltrating carcinoma with extensive tumor necrosis was evidenced. CONCLUSION: In experimental conditions, the ethanolic extract of SrR had a protective effect in DMBA-induced BC in female rats. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of its main phytochemicals could be responsible for the effect observed, and SrR seems to be a safe extract in the preclinical phase.

Phytochemical Screening by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Effect of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Leaves and Stems of Jatropha macrantha Müll Arg. on Ketamine-Induced Erectile Dysfunction in Rats.

Jatropha macrantha Müll Arg. L is also known as "huanarpo macho" and used in the Peruvian traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac and erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical constituents in leaves and stems ethyl acetate fraction (LEAF and SEAF) of J. macrantha and to compare the antioxidant activity and the ameliorative effect on ketamine-induced erectile dysfunction in rats. The phytochemical constituents were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS, the total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids (TPC and TF) by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Experimental groups were divided as follows: I: negative control; II: positive control (ketamine at 50 mg/ kg/d); III: sildenafil 5 mg/kg; IV, V, VI: LEAF at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, and VII, VIII, IX: SEAF at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence mainly of coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes. TPC of LEAF and SEAF were 359 ± 5.21 mg GAE/g and 306 ± 1.93 mg GAE/g, respectively; TF in LEAF and SEAF were 23.7 ± 0.80 mg EQ/g, and 101 ± 1.42 mg EQ/g, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS, FRAP in SEAF were 647 ± 3.27; 668 ± 2.30; and 575 ± 2.86 µmol TE/g, respectively, whilst LEAF showed 796 ± 3.15; 679 ± 0.85; and 806 ± 3.42 µmol TE/g, respectively. Regarding sexual behavior, LEAF showed a better effect in mount frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculation frequency, mount latency, intromission latency, ejaculatory latency, and post ejaculatory latency than SEAF. As conclusion, LEAF of J. macrantha at 50 mg/kg showed a better effect on sexual behavior in male rats with erectile dysfunction than SEAF but not higher than sildenafil.

Corrigendum to "Potential Toxicity of the Essential Oil from Minthostachys mollis: A Medicinal Plant Commonly Used in the Traditional Andean Medicine in Peru".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2019/1987935.].

Carvacrol: An In Silico Approach of a Candidate Drug on HER2, PI3Kα, mTOR, hER-α, PR, and EGFR Receptors in the Breast Cancer.

Carvacrol is a phenol monoterpene found in aromatic plants specially in Lamiaceae family, which has been evaluated in an experimental model of breast cancer. However, any proposed mechanism based on its antitumor effect has not been reported. In our previous study, carvacrol showed a protective effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene- (DMBA-) induced breast cancer in female rats. The main objective in this research was to evaluate by using in silico study the carvacrol on HER2, PI3Kα, mTOR, hER-α, PR, and EGFR receptors involved in breast cancer progression by docking analysis, molecular dynamic, and drug-likeness evaluation. A multilevel computational study to evaluate the antitumor potential of carvacrol focusing on the main targets involved in the breast cancer was carried out. The in silico study starts with protein-ligand docking of carvacrol followed by ligand pathway calculations, molecular dynamic simulations, and molecular mechanics energies combined with the Poisson-Boltzmann (MM/PBSA) calculation of the free energy of binding for carvacrol. As result, the in silico study led to the identification of carvacrol with strong binding affinity on mTOR receptor. Additionally, in silico drug-likeness index for carvacrol showed a good predicted therapeutic profile of druggability. Our findings suggest that mTOR signaling pathway could be responsible for its preventive effect in the breast cancer.

Histopathological evaluation of latex of Bellaco-Caspi, Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson on wound healing effect in BALB/C mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson (Apocynaceae) is a medicinal plant known as "Bellaco-Caspi" widely distributed in Loreto, Peru. In the Peruvian traditional medicine, the latex of the plant is used for the treatment of wounds, inflammation, ulcers, and other ailments. This study aims to evaluate the wound healing effect of the latex of H. sucuuba in BALB/C albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty BALB/C male mice were used for wound healing study. In the experimental procedures, wound skin incision was performed at 2.0 cm in length until subcutaneous on the paravertebral of each animal. Under locally anesthetized with procaine cream, the treatment was conducted. All the mice were divided into three groups, the control group (A), zinc oxide cream (B), and H. sucuuba latex (C). The entire surface of the wound was treated for all the groups, and the treatments were performed daily for 15 days. The experiments were stopped on days 1, 7, and 15, respectively. RESULTS: The histopathological study of tissues revealed significant changes in wound healing effect in H. sucuuba latex compared to the control and B groups. Consequently, the mice treated with latex showed a significant reduction in epithelialization time and collagen formation. Furthermore, the latex showed a dose-dependent significant reduction of inflammation in the first 24 h of treatment. CONCLUSION: BALB/C mice treated with the latex of H. sucuuba possess a wound healing effect that can scientifically prove the traditional use of the plant as a wound healing agent.

The Essential Oil of Cymbopogon citratus Stapt and Carvacrol: An Approach of the Antitumor Effect on 7,12-Dimethylbenz-[α]-anthracene (DMBA)-Induced Breast Cancer in Female Rats.

C. citratus essential oil and carvacrol have shown an antitumor effect on breast tumor cell lines; the main objective of this research was to evaluate the antitumor effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (EOCc) and carvacrol on 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in female rats. Cancer was induced by a single administration of DMBA at dose of 80 mg/kg body weight (BW). A total of 54 female Holtzman rats were randomly assigned into 9 groups (n = 6). Group I: PS (Physiological saline); Group II: DMBA; Groups III, IV, and V: DMBA + EOCc at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day BW, respectively; Groups VI, VII, and VIII: DMBA + carvacrol at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day BW, respectively; and group IX: DMBA + EOCc + carvacrol at doses of 100 mg/kg/day BW. The treatment lasted 14 weeks. As results, EOCc showed a reduction in tumors as well as necrosis and mitosis. Animals treated with carvacrol did not show necrosis, mitosis, or infiltration. Carvacrol at dose of 100 mg/kg/day BW revealed a significant decrease in the cumulative tumor volume down to 0.11 ± 0.05 cm3 compared to 0.38 ± 0.04 cm3 of the DMBA group (p < 0.01). It is concluded that EOCc and carvacrol had an antitumor effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in female rats.

Cordia lutea L. Flowers: A Promising Medicinal Plant as Chemopreventive in Induced Prostate Carcinogenesis in Rats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of the ethanolic extract of Cordia lutea flowers (EECL) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea- (MNU), cyproterone-, and testosterone-induced prostate cancer in rats. 40 Holtzman male rats were used and assigned to 5 groups (n = 8). In Group I, rats received normal saline (10 mL/Kg); Group II: rats were induced for prostate cancer with cyproterone, testosterone, and NMU; Groups III, IV, and V: rats received EECL daily, at doses of 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively. After the period of treatment, animals were sacrificed by an overdose of pentobarbital and blood samples were collected for determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The prostate was dissected and weighed accurately. The ventral lobe of the prostate was processed for histopathology analysis. The somatic prostate index decreased with EECL at dependent dose, from 0.34 ± 0.04 to 0.23 ± 0.05 (P < 0.05). The PSA levels also decreased significantly at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. Histopathological analysis showed a decrease in the number of prostatic layers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) and low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (LG-PIN) at the dose of 500 mg/kg. The ethanolic extract of Cordia lutea flowers had a chemopreventive effect on induced prostate cancer in rats.

Relación entre los anticuerpos contra antígenos extraíbles del núcleo y las enfermedades del tejido conectivo identificados por Immunoblots en un hospital y universidad de Lima / Relationship between antibodies against extractable nucleus antigens and connective tissue diseases identified by Immunoblot in a hospital in Lima, Peru

Objetivos: Determinar la relación de los anticuerpos con los antígenos del núcleo extraíble y las enfermedades del tejido conectivo identificadas por Immunoblot en un hospital de Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional, ciencias básicas, analíticas y transversales, realizado en el Servicio de Inmunología del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza entre enero de 2018 y junio de 2018. Analizamos 291 historias clínicas de pacientes con enfermedad del tejido conectivo y para la detección de anticuerpos contra los antígenos extraíbles del núcleo se empleó el método de Immunoblots. Resultados: La frecuencia de los anticuerpos contra antígenos nucleares extraíbles en pacientes con enfermedad del tejido conectivo identificados por Immunoblot fue 789 (100%). Se demostró que existe una relación significativa p <0.05 de Anti-histonas (X2 = 64.19; p = 0,000), anti-nucleosomas (X2 = 71,16; p = 0,000), anti-dsDNA (X2 = 71,44; p = 0,000), anti-SM (X2 = 10,08; p = 0,003) y lupus eritematoso sistémico con prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Se demostró que existe una relación significativa p <0.05 del Anti-SSA (X2 = 61,33; p = 0.001), anti-SSB (x2 = 51,00; p = 0.001), anti-Ro 52 (X2 = 62,60; p = 0,000) y síndrome de Sjogren con prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Se demostró que existe una relación significativa p <0.05 de Anti-CENP B (p = 0.001) y calcinosis, fenómeno de Raynaud, dismotilidad esofágica, esclerodactilia y Telangiectasia (CREST) con Fisher. Conclusiones: Existe relación de anticuerpos con antígenos de núcleo extraíbles y lupus eritematoso sistémico, síndrome de Sjogren, enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo, enfermedad del CREST, esclerodermia y polimiositis.

Objectives: To determine the relationship of antibodies to extractable nucleus antigens and connective tissue diseases identified by Immunoblot in a hospital in Lima, Peru. Material and methods: Study of the observational type, basic sciences, analytical and transversal, carried out in the Immunology service of the national Hospital Archbishop Loayza between January 2018 and June 2018. We analyzed 291 clinical histories of patients with connective tissue disease and for the detection of antibodies to the extractable antigens of the nucleus the method of Immunoblot was employed. Results: The frequency of the antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens in patients with connective tissue disease identified by Immunoblot was 789 (100%). It was demonstrated that there is significant relationship p < 0.05 of Anti-histones (X2 = 64.19; p = 0,000), anti-nucleosomas (X2 = 71,16; p = 0,000), anti-dsDNA (X2 = 71,44; p = 0,000), anti-SM (X2 = 10,08; p = 0,003) and Lupus Systemic erythematosus with Pearson Chi-square test. It was demonstrated that there is significant relationship p < 0.05 of the Anti-SSA (X2 = 61,33; p = 0.001), anti-SSB (X2 = 51,00; p = 0.001), anti-Ro 52 (X2 = 62,60; p = 0,000) and Sjogren's syndrome with Pearson Chi-square test. It was demonstrated that there is significant relationship p < 0.05 of Anti-CENP B (p = 0.001) and calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and Telangiectasia (CREST) with exact Fisher statistician. Conclusions: There is a relationship of antibodies to extractable nucleus antigens and systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and Telangiectasias (CREST), Scleroderma and Polymyositis.

Staining of antinuclear antibodies and antibodies against removable nuclear antigens in connective tissue diseases

Introduction and objectives: Connective tissue diseases are inflammatory, autoimmune diseases and threaten quality of life. To determine the relationship between staining patterns of antinuclear antibodies and antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens in patients with connective tissue disease. Materials and methods: Observational, basic, analytical and transversal study. Study conducted in the Immunology Service of the Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital between January 2017 and June 2017. We analyzed 291 samples of patients with CTD and for the detection of anti-nuclear antibody staining patterns, the immunological kit and observation with microscope of at 40X Immunofluorescence and for the detection of the antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens. The Immunoblot method was employed. Statistical analyses were carried out with the statistical package SPSS version 21 for Windows. We used the Pearson Chi-square test for the categorical variables, a value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was a significant relationship p < 0.05 of the homogeneous pattern, the mottled pattern with Anti-histones (p = 0.000), Anti-nucleosomes (p = 0.000), Anti-Ro 52 (p = 0.000), Anti-SSA (p = 0.001), Anti-SSB (p = 0.003), Anti-dsDNA (p = 0.000) with the Pearson Chi-square test. There was a significant relationship of p < 0.05 of the centromeric pattern with Anti-Cenp B (p = 0.000) with Fisher's exact statistic. Conclusions: There was a significant relationship between the anti-nuclear antibody staining patterns and the antibodies to the core extractable antigens in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal Dysmotility, sclerodactyly and Telangiectasia (CREST), Scleroderma and Polymyositis

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Staining of antinuclear antibodies and antibodies against removable nuclear antigens in connective tissue diseases.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Connective tissue diseases are inflammatory, autoimmune diseases and threaten quality of life. To determine the relationship between staining patterns of antinuclear antibodies and antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens in patients with connective tissue disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, basic, analytical and transversal study. Study conducted in the Immunology Service of the Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital between January 2017 and June 2017. We analyzed 291 samples of patients with CTD and for the detection of anti-nuclear antibody staining patterns, the immunological kit and observation with microscope of at 40X Immunofluorescence and for the detection of the antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens. The Immunoblot method was employed. Statistical analyses were carried out with the statistical package SPSS version 21 for Windows. We used the Pearson Chi-square test for the categorical variables, a value of p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship p<0.05 of the homogeneous pattern, the mottled pattern with Anti-histones (p=0.000), Anti-nucleosomes (p=0.000), Anti-Ro 52 (p=0.000), Anti-SSA (p=0.001), Anti-SSB (p=0.003), Anti-dsDNA (p=0.000) with the Pearson Chi-square test. There was a significant relationship of p<0.05 of the centromeric pattern with Anti-Cenp B (p=0.000) with Fisherâ¿¿s exact statistic. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant relationship between the anti-nuclear antibody staining patterns and the antibodies to the core extractable antigens in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögrenâ¿¿s syndrome, Calcinosis, Raynaudâ¿¿s phenomenon, esophageal Dysmotility, sclerodactyly and Telangiectasia (CREST), Scleroderma and Polymyositis.

Protective effect of Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing associated with simvastatin on N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced prostate cancer in rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing (ChS) has shown protective effect on  N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced prostate cancer in rats. Currently, statins are being studied for their pro-apoptotic and antimetastatic effects. The main objective of this research was to determine the protective effect associated with the oral administration of simvastatin and ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of ChS in the prevention of prostate cancer. METHODS: Fifty-six albino male rats were randomized into seven groups: I) negative control: physiological serum: 2 mL/kg; II) TCN: testosterone 100 mg/kg + cyproterone 50 mg/kg + NMU 50 mg/kg; III) TCN + S40 (simvastatin 40 mg/kg); IV) TCN + ChS250 (ChS 250 mg/kg); V) TCN + ChS50 (ChS 50 mg/kg) + S40; VI) TCN + ChS250 (ChS 250 mg/kg) + S40; and VII) TCN + ChS500 (ChS 500 mg/kg) + S40. The antioxidant activity was tested by using (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH) assay. Hematology, toxicological biochemical parameters, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), histology and prostate size were evaluated as main indicators of protective effect. RESULTS: Triglyceride values were decreased in the groups receiving ChS, being significant (P=0.02) in IV and VII group compared to cancer-inducing group (TCN). In groups that received ChS, PSA levels (P=0.71) were significant compared with TCN group. The VII group had the lowest prostate volume by sonography. The TCN group showed multiple foci of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) with the presence of cells in mitosis; whilst, groups V and VI had few areas of HG-PIN. CONCLUSION: In experimental conditions, the ethanolic extract of C. spinosa in association with simvastatin showed a protective effect on prostate cancer through hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity.

Patrones de tinción de anticuerpos antinucleares identificados por Inmunofluorescencia indirecta en pacientes con enfermedad del tejido conectivo / Antinuclear antibody staining patterns identified by indirect immunofluorescence in patients with connective tissue disease

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de patrones de tinción de anticuerpos antinucleares identificados por inmunofluorescencia indirecta en pacientes con enfermedad del tejido conectivo en un hospital de nivel III de Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio de tipo cuantitativo, observacional y transversal, realizado en el Servicio de Inmunología del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza entre enero 2017 y junio 2017. Se revisaron 291 historias clínicas de pacientes con enfermedad del tejido conectivo y con detección de los patrones de tinción de anticuerpos antinucleares en suero, usando la técnica de Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta. Resultados: La frecuencia de estudios de anticuerpos antinucleares fue 322 (100 %), los patrones de anticuerpos antinucleares fueron PCNA6 (1,86%), patrón homogéneo 109(33,85%), patrón centromérico 34(10,56%), patrón moteado 135(41,93%), patrón citoplasmático 25(7,76%), patrón nucleolar 9(2,80%), patrón NUMA 1- Huso Acromático 3(0,93%) y patrón lisosoma 1(0,31%). La positividad de anticuerpos antinucleares se determinó mayormente en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico 85(29.21%), esclerosis sistémica progresiva limitada (CREST) 34(11,68%), síndrome de Sjögren 77(26,46%), esclerodermia 15(5,15%), enfermedades mixtas del tejido conectivo72 (24,74%) y polimiositis 8 (2,75%). Conclusiones: Se encontró elevada frecuencia del patrón homogéneo y del patrón moteado en pacientes con enfermedad del tejido conectivo. El patrón homogéneo se asoció fuertemente al lupus eritematoso sistémico y el patrón moteado se asoció al síndrome de Sjögren. Por lo tanto, el método ANA-IFI puede reducir el gasto de un trabajo inmunológico detallado con una pérdida mínima en la exactitud diagnóstica de la enfermedad. (AU)

Objectives: To determine the antinuclear antibody staining patterns identified by indirect immunofluorescence in patients with connective tissue disease in hospital level III in Lima, Peru. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed at the Servicio de Inmunología of the Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza between January and June 2017. We reviewed 291 clinical charts of patients with connective tissue disease who had determination of antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Results: 322 determinations were analyzed; patterns detected were PCNA 6 (1.86%); homogeneous pattern 109(33.85%), centromeric pattern 34(10.56%), speckled pattern 135(41.93%), cytoplasmic pattern 25(7.76%), nucleolar pattern 9(2.80%), NUMA 1- Huso achromatic pattern 3(0.93%) and lysosomal pattern 1(0.31%). The spectrum of diseases in which antinuclear antibodies were looked for were systemic lupus 85(29.21%), limited progressive systemic sclerosis CREST) 34(11.68%), Sjögren´s syndrome 77(26.46%), scleroderma 15(5.15%), mixed connective tissue disorders 72 (24.74%) and polymyositis 8 (2.75%). Conclusions: A high frequency of homogeneous and speckled patterns were observed, the former associated with systemic lupus and the latter with Sjögren´s syndrome. Detection of antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence is an accurate diagnostic method. (AU)

Potential Toxicity of the Essential Oil from Minthostachys mollis: A Medicinal Plant Commonly Used in the Traditional Andean Medicine in Peru.

Medicinal plants are used throughout the world and the World Health Organization supports its use by recommending quality, safety and efficacy. Minthostachys mollis is distributed in the Andes of South America and is used by the population for various diseases. While studies have shown their pharmacological properties, the information about their safety is very limited. Then, the goal of this research was to determine the acute oral toxicity and in repeated doses during 28 days of Minthostachys mollis essential oil (Mm-EO) in rats. For the acute toxicity test two groups of rats, of three animals each, were used. Each group received Mm-EO in a single dose of 2000 or 300 mg/kg of body weight. For the repeated dose toxicity test, four groups of 10 rats each were used. Doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day were used, one group was control. With the single dose of Mm-EO of 2000 mg/kg of body weight, the three rats in the group showed immediate signs of toxicity and died between 36 and 72 hours. In the lung, inflammatory infiltrate was observed, predominantly lymphocytic with severe hemorrhage and presence of macrophages with hemosiderin. In the repeated dose study, male rats (5/5) and female rats (2/5) died at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day. The body weight of both male and female rats decreased significantly with doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. The serum levels of AST and ALT increased significantly and the histopathological study revealed chronic and acute inflammatory infiltrate in the lung; while in the liver was observed in 80% of the cases (24/30) mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate and in some of those cases there was vascular congestion and in one case cytoplasmic vacuolization. The Mm-EO presented moderate acute oral toxicity, while with repeated doses for 28 days; there was evidence of toxicity, in a dose-dependent manner, mainly at the hepatic level.

Variación del perfil lipídico en ratas Holtzman con dislipidemia inducida por el aceite de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo) / Variation of the lipid profile in Holtzman rats with dyslipidemia induced by sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo)

Objetivo: Verificar modificaciones del perfil lipídico (PL) en ratas Holtzman por aceite de Sacha Inchi Plukenetía volubilis Linneo (ASI), peso corporal (PC) y bioquímicas, en dislipidemia inducida por colesterol. Evaluar modificaciones del perfil lipídico (PL) induciendo colesterol a ratas Holtzman, por aceite de Sacha Inchi Plukenetía volubilis Linneo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, experimental y correlacional ; utilizándose el método de Ruiz-Roso et al (2003) y Arroyo y col (2007); 40 ratas fueron distribuidas al azar en 5 grupos: control negativo SSF 4 mL/kg; control positivo goma tragacanto (GT) 2% 4 mL/kg ; colesterol (C) 120 mg/kg en GT (CGT); CGT + atorvastatina 40 mg/kg; CGT + ASI 300 mg/kg; administrados oralmente una vez diariamente durante dos meses; se determinó PL, PC, Glucosa, TGO, TGP. Aplicándose análisis descriptivo mediante frecuencias absolutas y relativas; analítico correlación de Pearson y análisis de varianza con medidas repetidas. Resultados: El perfil lipídico con aceite de Sacha Inchi no mostró cambios en el colesterol total, aumentando el VLDL en 36,80 %, triglicéridos 35,29%, PC 30,86%, TGP en 22,10%; disminuyendo la LDL 26,72 %, HDl 7,83%, la glicemia 10,64%, TGO 18,68%. Con Atorvastatina se incrementó el colesterol 7,34%, VLDL 24,12%, triglicéridos 21%, PC 40,85%, TGP 15,44%; reduciendo el LDL 14.63%, HDL 6%, glicemia 11,44% y TGO. Conclusión: En las condiciones experimentales se ha demostrado aceite de Sacha inchi y atorvastatina inducen reducción de la LDL, aumento de la VLDL y sin modificación del colesterol total e incremento del peso corporal.

Objective: To verify modifications of the lipid profile (PL) in Holtzman rats by Sacha Inchi Plukenetía Volubilis Linneo (ASI) oil, body weight (PC) and biochemical, in cholesterol-induced dyslipidemia. To evaluate modifications of the lipid profile (PL) by inducing cholesterol in Holtzman rats, by Sacha Inchi oil Plukenetía volubilis Linneo. Materials and methods: Quantitative, experimental and correlational study. Using the method of Ruiz-Roso (2003) and Arroyo (2007), 40 rats were randomly distributed in 5 groups: negative control SSF 4 mL / kg; positive control tragacanth gum (GT) 2% 4 mL / kg; cholesterol (C) 120 mg / kg in GT (CGT); CGT + atorvastatin 40 mg / kg; CGT + ASI 300 mg / kg, administered orally once daily for two months; PL, PC, Glucose, TGO, TGP were determined. Descriptive analysis using absolute and relative frequencies; Analytical Pearson correlation and analysis of variance with repeated measures were applied. Results: The lipid profile with Sacha Inchi oil showed no changes in total cholesterol, increasing VLDL by 36.80%, triglycerides 35. 29%, PC 30.86%, TGP in 22.10%; lowering LDL by 26.72%, HDL 7.83%, glycemia 10.64%, TGO 18.68%. With Atorvastatin, it increased cholesterol by 7.34%, VLDL 24.12%, triglycerides 21%, PC 40.85%, TGP 15.44%; and lowered LDL 14.63%, HDL 6%, glycemia 11.44% and TGO. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, Sacha Inchi oil and atorvastatin were found to lower LDL, and increase VLDL without modifying total cholesterol or body weight increase.

Efecto del ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) y el colecalciferol (vitamina D3) sobre el control de la glicemia en ratas / Effect of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on glycemic control in rats

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del Ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) y el colecalciferol (vitamina D3) sobre el control de la glicemia en ratas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental. Se utilizó 48 ratas machos Wistar de 12 semanas de edad, con un peso de 200 ± 50 g, distribuidas de manera aleatoria en ocho grupos de seis: control negativo (suero fisiológico a 2 mL/dieta balanceada); control positivo (suero fisiológico a 2 mL/dieta modificada); EXP 1 (vitamina D2 a 10000 UI/kg /dieta modificada); EXP 2 (vitamina D2 a 35000 UI/kg /dieta modificada); EXP 3 (vitamina D2 a 70000 UI/kg /dieta modificada); EXP 4 (vitamina D3 a 10000 UI/kg /dieta modificada); EXP 5 (vitamina D3 a 35000 UI/kg /dieta modificada), y EXP 6 (vitamina D3 a 70000 UI/kg /dieta modificada); se administraron dos tipos de dietas (dieta balanceada y dieta modificada a base de colesterol y fructuosa) y vitaminas D2 y D3 de manera conjunta durante las 13 semanas de estudio. Resultados: El promedio de glicemia del grupo control negativo (CN) fue 80,17 mg/dL; en los grupos experimentales fueron: 91,17 mg/dL (EXP1); 90,17 mg/dL (EXP2); 87,67 mg/dL (EXP3); 91,67 mg/dL (EXP4); 88,33 mg/dL (EXP5); 81,83 mg/dL (EXP6), y en el grupo control positivo (CP) fue 134,84 mg/dL. Conclusión: Los grupos con dieta modificada y que recibieron ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3) mostraron niveles menores de glicemia en comparación con los que no recibieron suplementación, no habiendo diferencias significativas entre la utilización de algún tipo de vitamina D o las dosis de 35000 y 70000 UI.

Toxicidad a 90 días del extracto atomizado de rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), Flores de cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) en modelo murino / 90-day toxicity of the extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa (A4R), Flowers of Cordia lutea (A4F) and leaves of Annona muricata (A4L) in murine mode

Objetivos: Determinar la seguridad de la asociación del extracto atomizado del rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), flores de Cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) a una dosis repetida durante 90 días por vía oral en ratas. Material y métodos: Diseño experimental, se utilizaron 108 ratas Holtzman (54 machos ­ 54 hembras) y se administró el extracto atomizado durante 90 días por vía oral, se realizaron las observaciones, registro de signos y evolución cada 30 días del peso corporal de los animales; al final, se extrajo muestra de sangre para estudio hematológico, hepático, lipídico y antioxidante, se aplicó la prueba ANOVA, considerando el valor p<0,05 para la significancia. Resultados: La asociación de extracto atomizado (ALC) evidenció un incremento significativo del peso para el grupo ALC 200 mg/kg; en las ratas macho a partir de los 30 días (p<0,01) y en ratas hembra a partir de los 60 días (p<0,01) manteniendo dicho patrón a los 90 días. Todos los valores hematológicos y bioquímicos durante los 90 días se mantuvieron dentro de parámetros permitidos. Se observó un incremento en la actividad de la superoxido dismutasa (SOD) desde los primeros 30 días y manteniendo el mismo hasta el final, independientemente del género (p<0,05). Conclusión: Los hallazgos demuestran que el extracto atomizado del rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), flores de Cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) no produce toxicidad al ser administrado por un periodo de 90 días en ratas.